Financial Reporting and Analysis • Formulas CFA® Level 1

Ivan Kitov
Ivan Kitov

Need an all-in-one list with the Financial Reporting and Analysis formulas included in the CFA® Level 1 Exam? We have compiled them for you here. The relevant formulas have been organized and presented by chapter. In this section, we will cover the following topics — Basics of Accounting, Income Statements, Balance Sheets, Cash Flow Statements, Financial Analysis Techniques, Inventories, Income Taxes, Current and Non-current Liabilities and Assets.


1. Basics of Accounting


Basic Accounting Equation

Assets = Liabilities + Equity

Net income

Net~Income = Revenue-Expenses

Gross profit (income)

Gross~profit~(income) = Revenue-Cost~of~goods~sold

Operating profit (income)

Operating~profit~(income) = Profit~before~interest~and~tax~(PBIT) = Gross~profit-Operating~expenses

Profit Before Tax (PBT)

Profit~before~tax~(PBT) = PBIT-Interest~expense

Net profit (income)

Net~profit~(income) = PBT-Tax~expense= Operating~profit-Interest~Expense-Tax~expense

2. Understanding Income Statements


Basic Earnings per Share (EPS)

Basic~EPS= \frac {Net~Income - Preferred~Dividends}{Weighted~average~number~of~common~shares~outstanding}

Diluted Earnings per Share (DEPS)

Diluted~EPS= \frac {Adjusted~income~available~for~common~shares}{Weighted~average~common~ and~potential~common~shares~outstanding}
Diluted~EPS = \frac {\big[Net~Income-Preferred~dividends\big]+ \big[Convertible~preferred~dividends\big]+ \big[Convertible~debt~interest\big]\big(1-t\big)}{\big(Weighted~average~shares\big)+\big(Shares~from~conv.~pfd.~shares\big)+\big(Shares~from~conversion~of.~conv.~debt\big)+\big(Shares~issuable~from~stock~options\big)}

Gross profit margin

Gross~profit~margin = \frac {Gross~profit}{Revenue}

Net profit margin

Net~profit~margin = \frac {Net~profit}{Revenue}

3. Understanding Balance Sheets


Liquidity Ratios

Current ratio

Current~ratio=\frac {Current~assets}{Current~liabilities}

Quick ratio

Quick~ratio=\frac {Cash + Short–term~marketable~securities + Receivables}{Current~liabilities}

Cash ratio

Cash~ratio=\frac {Cash + Short–term~marketable~securities}{Current~liabilities}

Solvency Ratios


Long-term debt-to-equity

Long–term~debt–to–equity = \frac {Long–term~debt}{Total~equity}

Total debt-to-equity

Total~debt–to–equity = \frac {Total~debt}{Total~equity}

Debt ratio

Debt~ratio= \frac {Total~debt}{Total~assets}

Financial leverage

Financial~leverage = \frac {Total~assets}{Total~equity}

Free Cash Flow Measures


FCFF = CFO + [Int × (1 - tax~rate)] - FCInv

CFO = Cash flow from operations
Int = Cash interest paid
FCInv = Fixed capital investment (net capital expenditures)

FCFF = NI + NCC + [Int × (1 – tax~rate)] - FCInv - WCInv

NI = Net income
NCC = Non-cash charges (depreciation and amortization)
Int = Cash interest paid
FCInv = Fixed capital investment (net capital expenditures)
WCInv = Working capital investment

FCFE = CFO - FCInv + Net~borrowing

CFO = Cash flow from operations
FCInv = Fixed capital investment (net capital expenditures)
Net~borrowing = Debt issued – debt repaid


Cash Flow Ratios


Performance Ratios

Cash flow-to-revenue

Cash~flow–to–revenue = \frac {Cash~flow~from~operations}{Revenue}

Cash-to-income

Cash–to–income = \frac {Cash~flow~from~operations}{Operating~income}

Cash return-on-assets

Cash~return–on–assets = \frac {Cash~flow~from~operations}{Average~total~assets}

Cash return-on-equity

Cash~return–on–equity= \frac {Cash~flow~from~operations}{Average~total~equity}

Cash flow per share

Cash~flow~per~share = \frac {CFO - Preferred~dividends}{Weighted~average~number~of~common~shares}

4. Understanding Cash Flow Statements


Cash Flow Ratios


Coverage Ratios

Debt Coverage

Debt~coverage = \frac {Cash~flow~from~operations}{Total~debt}

Interest Coverage

Interest~coverage = \frac {CFO + Interest~paid + Taxes~paid}{Interest~paid}

Reinvestment ratio

Reinvestment~ratio = \frac {Cash~flow~from~operations}{Cash~paid~to~acquire~long–term~assets}

Debt payment

Debt~payment = \frac {Cash~flow~from~operations}{Cash~paid~to~repay~long–term~debt}

Dividend payment

Dividend~payment = \frac {Cash~flow~from~operations}{Dividends~paid}

Investing and financing ratio

Investing~and~financing~ratio = \frac {Cash~flow~from~operations}{Cash~outflows~from~investing~and~financing~activities}

5. Financial Analysis Techniques


Activity Ratios


Receivables~turnover = \frac {Annual~sales}{Average~receivables}

Meaning: The efficiency of a company in collecting its trade receivables

Days~of~sales~outstanding = \frac {365}{Receivables~turnover}

Meaning: The average number of days a company takes to collect its receivables from clients

Inventory~turnover = \frac {Cost~of~goods~sold}{Average~inventory}

Meaning: The efficiency of a company in terms of inventory management

Days~of~inventory~on~hand = \frac {365}{Inventory~turnover}

Meaning: The average inventory processing period

Payables~turnover = \frac {Purchases}{Average~trade~payables}

Meaning: The efficiency of a company in allowing trade credit to suppliers

Number~of~days~of~payables = \frac {365}{Payables~turnover~ratio}

Meaning: The average number of days a company takes to pay its suppliers

Fixed~assets~turnover = \frac {Revenue}{Average~net~fixed~assets}

Meaning: The efficiency of a firm in utilizing its fixed assets

Working~capital~turnover = \frac {Revenue}{Average~working~capital}

Meaning: The efficiency of a firm in managing its working capital (current assets – current liabilities)

Total~assets~turnover = \frac {Revenue}{Average~total~assets}

Meaning: The efficiency of a firm in using its total assets to create revenue

Cash~conversion~cycle = Days~of~sales~outstanding + Days~of~inventory~on~hand - Number~of~days~of~payables

Meaning: The number of days a company takes to convert its investments in inventory and other resources into cash flows from sales

Equity~turnover = \frac {Revenue}{Average~total~equity}

Meaning: The efficiency of a firm in utilizing equity to create revenue


Liquidity Ratios


Current~ratio = \frac {Current~assets}{Current~liabilities}

Meaning: Ability to meet current liabilities (with total current assets)

Quick~ratio = \frac {Cash + Marketable~securities + Receivables}{Current~liabilities}

Meaning: Ability to meet current liabilities (with total current assets, excluding inventory)

Cash~ratio = \frac {Cash + Marketable~securities}{Current~liabilities}

Meaning: Ability to meet current liabilities (with cash and marketable securities only)

Defensive~interval = \frac {Cash + Marketable~securities + Receivables}{Average~daily~expenditure}

Meaning: The number of days a company can cover its average daily expenses with the use of current liquid assets only


Solvency Ratios


Debt–to–equity = \frac {Total~debt}{Total~shareholder’s~equity}

Meaning: Debt as a percentage of total equity

Debt–to–capital= \frac {Total~debt}{Total~debt + Total~shareholder’s~equity}

Meaning: Debt as a percentage of total capital

Debt–to–assets= \frac {Total~debt}{Total~assets}

Meaning: Debt as a percentage of total assets

Financial~leverage = \frac {Average~total~assets}{Average~total~equity}

Meaning: An indicator of a company’s debt financing usage

Interest~coverage = \frac {Earnings~before~interest~and~taxes}{Interest~payments}

Meaning: The ability to cover interest expenses

Fixed~charge~coverage = \frac {Earnings~before~interest~and~taxes + Lease~payments}{Interest~payments + Lease~payments}

Meaning: The ability to cover interest and lease expenses


Profitability Ratios


Gross~profit~margin = \frac {Gross~profit}{Revenue}

Meaning: Gross profitability as a percentage of total revenue

Operating~profit~margin = \frac {Operating~income~(EBIT)}{Revenue}

Meaning: Operating profitability (before interest and tax) as a percentage of total revenue

Pre–tax~margin = \frac {EBT}{Revenue}

Meaning: Operating profitability (before tax) as a percentage of total revenue

Net~profit~margin = \frac {Net~income}{Revenue}

Meaning: Net profitability as a percentage of total revenue

Return~on~assets~(ROA) = \frac {Net~income}{Average~total~assets}

Meaning: Net profitability (excluding interest and taxes) as a percentage of total invested funds

Operating~return~on~assets~(ROA) = \frac {Operating~profit~(EBIT)}{Average~total~assets}

Meaning: Net profitability (including interest and taxes) as a percentage of total invested funds

Return~on~total~capital = \frac {Operating~profit~(EBIT)}{Average~total~capital}

Meaning: Operating profitability as a percentage of total capital

Return~on~equity~(RoE) = \frac {Net~income}{Average~equity}

Meaning: Net profitability as a percentage of total equity


Valuation Ratios


Earnings~per~Share~(EPS) = \frac {Net~Income - Preferred~dividends}{Outstanding~number~of~common~shares}

Meaning: Income earned per 1 common share outstanding

Price~earnings~(P/E)~ratio = \frac {Share~price}{Earnings~per~share~(EPS)}

Meaning: The price that investors are willing to pay per $1 of earnings

P/E~ratio~(company~wide) = \frac {Market~capitalization}{Net~income}

Meaning: Total price that investors are willing to pay for a company’s Net income

Dividend~yield = \frac {Dividend~per~share}{Current~share~price}

Meaning: The “portion “of a share price that is distributed as dividends

Retention~rate~(RR) = \frac {Net~income - Dividends~declared}{Net~income}

Meaning: The “portion” of Net income that is reinvested in the company

Dividend~payout = \frac {Dividends~declared}{Net~income}

Meaning: The “portion” of Net income that is distributed as dividends

Sustainable~growth~rate~(g) =RR \times ROE

Meaning: Equity growth rate


DuPont Analysis


DuPont Analysis Scheme

Inventories


Where:
FIFO = First-in, First-out method
LIFO = Last-in, First-out method

Ending~inventory = Beginning~inventory + Purchases - Cost~of~goods~sold~(COGS)
Cost~of~goods~sold~(COGS) = Beginning~inventory + Purchases - Ending~inventory
FIFO~inventory = LIFO~inventory + LIFO~reserve
Delta~Cash = LIFO~reserve \times Tax~rate

Delta~Cash = Excess cash saved on the valuation method

FIFO~retained~earnings = LIFO~retained~earnings + LIFO~Reserve \times (1 - Tax~rate)
FIFO~COGS = LIFO~COGS - (Ending~LIFO~reserve - Beginning~LIFO~reserve)

Long-Lived Assets


Straight–line~depreciation~expense = \frac {Cost-Salvage~(residual)~value}{Useful~life}
Double–declining~balance (DDB)~depreciation~expense=\frac {2 \times (Cost - Accumulated~depreciation)}{Useful~life}

Double-declining balance (DDB) depreciation expense = Double the straight-line depreciation rate

Units~of~production~depreciation~expense= \frac {Cost - Salvage~value}{Life~in~output~units} \times Output~units~in~the~period
Ending~PPE~net~book~value = (Original)~Cost - Accumulated~depreciation
Average~age = \frac {Accumulated~depreciation}{Annual~depreciation~expense}
Total~useful~life = \frac {Historical~cost}{Annual~depreciation~expense}
Remaining~useful~life = \frac {Ending~PPE~net~book~value}{Annual~depreciation~expense}

Income Taxes


Income~tax~expense = Taxes~Payable + Δ~Deferred~Tax~Liabilities~(DTL) - Δ~Deferred~Tax~Assets~(DTA)
Effective~tax~rate = \frac {Income~tax~expense}{Pre–tax~income}

Non-Current Liabilities


Interest~expense = Market~rate~at~Issuance \times Balance~sheet~value~of~the~liability~at~the~beginning~of~the~period
Coupon~interest~payment = Coupon~rate~(as~per~contract) \times Par~Value

Follow the links to find more formulas on Quantitative Methods, Economics, Corporate Finance, Alternative Investments, Portfolio Management, Equity Investments, Fixed-Income Investments, and Derivatives, included in the CFA® Level 1 Exam.

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